Autonomous Driving Platforms (2025)
A summary of leading autonomous vehicle platforms and their automation levels based on the SAE scale.
Level 2 – Partial Automation
Driver assists with steering and acceleration, but must remain engaged.
- Tesla Autopilot & FSD Beta: Advanced driver-assist requiring supervision.
- GM Super Cruise & Ultra Cruise: Hands-free on mapped highways, still Level 2.
- Ford BlueCruise: Hands-free on designated roads, monitors driver attention.
- Nissan ProPILOT Assist 2.0: Highway hands-off under conditions, driver ready.
- BMW Driving Assistant Pro: Lane centering, adaptive cruise, supervision needed.
- Mobileye SuperVision: Hands-free on certain roads, still monitored driving.
- BYD God's Eye B & C: Level 2 autonomy on highways and city streets.
- Openpilot (comma.ai): Open-source Level 2 system with lane and speed control.
Level 3 – Conditional Automation
Vehicle manages all tasks in limited conditions, driver must respond to requests.
- Mercedes-Benz Drive Pilot: Approved for use in Germany & parts of the U.S., hands-off below 40 mph in traffic.
- BYD God's Eye A: Level 3 system with LiDAR, used in premium models like the Yangwang U8.
Level 4 – High Automation
Fully autonomous in specific areas, no driver intervention needed.
- Waymo One: Driverless robotaxi in Phoenix, LA, and SF.
- Cruise (GM): Geofenced ride-hailing services in U.S. cities.
- Mobileye Drive: Tested in Munich & Tel Aviv, used for robotaxi and delivery.
- Baidu Apollo Go: Deployed in multiple Chinese cities for public rides.
- AutoX: Fully driverless service in Shenzhen, China.
Level 5 – Full Automation
No commercial deployment yet. Some platforms like Mobileye EyeQ6 are under R&D for Level 5 readiness.